What caused the white flight from Allentown? No doubt some of it was bigotry. But there were other reasons. Attorney Mal Gross actually blames his dad! His dad and grandfather were both Allentown mayors. His grandfather was in office for four terms, including the Depression years. His Dad was in office just five years, from 1960-1964. He was ubiquitous in Allentown and may have worked himself to an early death. Mal Gross incredibly well-written mini-biography about his dad's time in office, entitled "
Jack's Five Years,." is a must-read for anyone who seeks to understand Allentown. It was a work of love, but brutally honest. With the best of intentions, we often do absolutely the wrong thing. We're probably doing it now.
It certainly was a different time. At that time, city council meetings always started late because city council members would decide everything in the back room before meetings got underway. There was no Sunshine Act. Nobody minded the secrecy. They just hated waiting. Gross insisted that meetings begin on time, This probably made Allentown a little more transparent.
He had a great title but very little power. At that time, under a Home Rule Charter drafted by his father, the mayor was "only one vote of five on Council, which controlled all city affairs." It would be difficult to set any agenda in the "shifting sands of council votes on which the Mayor was required to stand."
Ironically, Gross' chief opposition usually came from another Democratic City Council member, Bill "Bull" Ritter. (I'm told he was a phys ed teacher at Muhlenberg)
Gross became upset when the 1960 census showed that the population had dipped two percent to 104,000. Though that was eventually corrected to show a slight increase, "Jack knew that the long-range picture for population growth remained dark, and he never came to recognize that a declining city population might actually be an advantage if its quality were maintained. As a result he left as part of his legacy a need for population growth at all costs. In an effort to fulfill that legacy, city policy in the next 20 years encouraged conversion of homes to apartments to sustain the impression of population growth even at the expense of breaking up the community that had made up that population."
Gross focused on downtown retail shopping. "Commercial office buildings in the downtown were no longer to be a priority. Neighborhoods in center city were to be sacrificed to retail shopping. Even the upper stories of Hamilton Street stores were allowed to decay. The value of the first-floor retail space would carry 'The Street' by itself. Jack was committed to maintaining The Street at all costs."
Hamilton Street, between 5th and 10th, was called Golden Acres, with Hess Bros as the anchor.
In an ominous sign of things to come, a Two Guys discount store opened in Whitehall. In violation of blue laws, it was open on Sundays, too. Mayor Jack asked DA George Joseph to prosecute this egregious violation. He refused. He noted he was a prosecutor, not a cop. He added that some Allentown shops ignored blue laws as well.
Did the blue law violations really hurt Allentown? Mal disagrees with his father here. He postulates that the decline of Hess Bris,, and increase of one-way streets and parking meters were the real culprits. . "Allentown residents instinctively disliked one-way streets and parking meters. They may have sensed that parking meters and one-way streets for fast traffic killed neighborhoods."
As Mayor Jack pushed apartments, neighborhoods died.
"Apartments had become the mayor's answer to the lack of undeveloped city land for housing. There was, however, a fatal flaw in this hope. Apartments didn't serve the needs of the families who lived in the many blocks of rowhouses that formed the backbone of Allentown. The blue collar workers and their children who lived in these homes wanted larger houses with two-car garages and yards with grass, not apartments with no yards. Jack never grasped Americans' love of green grass. "
Around this time, Michael Gatti started the Ancient Oaks development in Lower Macungie. Blue-collars could move into $12,000 homes with two-car garages and yards. Similar developments followed, leading to an exodus of blue collars.
"The grand apartments Jack hoped for never really materialized and the single-family row homes gradually became crowded apartments as the neighborhoods died. Allentown's population was misleadingly maintained, but not its 'people' as Jack knew them."
Some other tidbits from this bio:
* Mayor Jack was the first Allentown politician to send out a mailer in his campaign for election. During his campaign, the whisper campaign against him was that he was a secret Roman Catholic.
* Mayor Jack would have dinner with the zoning hearing board before every meeting to make sure his wishes were known. He sat in the front row of their meetings as well.
* Mayor Jack gave committeemen a dinner and drink at the Elks along with a box of Gross pretzels before his election. Reporters got dinner and drinks, but no pretzels.
* Mayor Jack introduced JFK when he came to town, but was not a fan. He preferred LBJ or Adlai Stevenson.
* Mayor Jack got statewide news coverage over, of all things, a speeding ticket.
* Mayor Jack suffered from numerous illnesses as a child and even moved to California for a time. He had to drop out of college because of the Depression.
* Mayor Jack coaxed Mack union workers to make wage concessions to prevent the company from moving. It worked, but Mack eventually moved some operations anyway.
* Mayor Jack, like JFK, wore lifts in his shoes so he'd appear taller.
* The ethnic make up of Allentown in 1959 was mostly Pennsylvania Dutch, with some Irish, Jewish and Italians. (I believe the Syrian migration began in the '60s.)